Television Television Series Treme - 1559 Words

On film, television, and even in literature, many different places and locations carry with them stereotypes of how its people behave and act, or what events and ideas make up the location as a whole. Southern states may usually be considered â€Å"backwards† or â€Å"redneck,† or those from some Northern areas are thought to sometimes be rude and crass. And yet these stereotypes are not so prominent when an individual is creating his or her sense of identity, self, or â€Å"place.† These ideals are made up of numerous different attributes, lending to a sense of community and solidarity among those from like places. After Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans, Louisiana in September of 2005, the city was rocked by its heavy losses on both cultural and†¦show more content†¦In Treme, there are about nine different characters, each with a completely different life story and history, introduced just within the first eighty minute episode. Some of are intr oduced simultaneously, like Davis and Janette, who wake up together one morning, then go their separate ways and start their visible stories. The married couple of the Bernettes are both featured characters at least in the first episode, but both of them continue to follow similar but also starkly contrasting stories. By utilizing this technique of multiple but also intwining story lines of the characters, Treme does not so much follow its characters as much as it does the city as a whole. The make up of the cast provides for a diversity that encompasses numerous professions, incomes, and status in relation to their life after the storm, even though the city itself acts as if it were its own character. Just as the people and citizens of New Orleans needed to revitalize themselves and adjust to their new situation, the actual city needed to do this as well. Not just through the reconstruction and revisions of the cities and houses, but also through the continuation and revamping of c ultural ideas and traditions that were, and still are, what made New Orleans, New Orleans. One popular example of this would be music, as jazz and New Orleans seem to go hand in hand. Historically, jazz was brought to the city by the African Americans after the Southern Reconstruction era, and it has

The Benefits Of Early Childhood Education - 1015 Words

An early childhood education student planing on becoming a teacher needs to know certain things about children before stepping into a classroom. They must look at their own personality and how they handle stress. An upcoming teacher must have a mindful awareness, focused attention, and self authority. Mindful awareness skills in stress can be mixed in with your relationships with your peers and social skills. If a teacher is not well balance when it comes to stressful situations they wouldn’t be prepared to deal with stress in the classroom and can affect the students you are teaching. Becoming a teacher you are exploring and teaching young minds by developing their own skills. They need to be prepared for the stress and impact it can have†¦show more content†¦If a student struggles socializing with their classmates at an early age they begin to close themselves off and might lead to getting bullied. Bullying can effect a students academic education and self confidenc e. Early childhood education find it difficult to control the bullying in the classroom. It is a principle becoming teachers need to be aware of and know how to distinguish the difference between bullies and victims and know how to handle the situation. Help the student victimize with bullying because it may have a major effect on their future. The teacher having the advantage of knowing what going on in the classroom can help a young student overcome their struggles. Early childhood education lets us explore the importance of education is to a young child who is still developing their own personality. Teachers need to be aware of their students spiritual and humorous personality. Before becoming a teacher a person must connect theses points together. Teachers are encouraged to participate in storytelling mixed with imagination, humor, rules, and joy. For early childhood education, children ages five to six years old, are the perfect age to explore their spiritual behavior because t hey are eager to learn. A kindergarten teacher did a study on what spiritual experiences and expressions look like for a kindergarten student. She observed four children, two boys and twoShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits of Early Childhood Education642 Words   |  3 PagesThe prominence of early childhood education in children’s lives is now beyond questions. An initial start to life is well recognized as the foundation to future development. Not only have the children who participate in early childhood program get benefit but also the families and community. â€Å"It has been shown that children who attended early childhood centres of high quality were more successful at school, remained at school longer, and continued to achieve more after they had left schoolRead MoreThe Benefits of Early Childhood Education1201 Words   |  5 PagesThe Benefits of Early Childhood Education The writer of Proverbs 22:6 wrote: â€Å"Train a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not turn from it†. Early Education has benefits that can follow well into adult hood. Early childhood education is the organized practice of educating those who are in early childhood. According to the NAEYC (National Association for the Education of Young Children), early childhood spans the human life from birth to age eight (Early Childhood EducationRead MoreBenefits Of Low Salaries For Early Childhood Education1197 Words   |  5 PagesIn the ever-growing society, the necessity of early childhood education has increased as research indicated all the beneficiary effects on the child’s developmental learning capacity in their early years. However, low salaries negatively affect many early childhood educators who dedicated time and effort to continue higher education and trainings to ensure the best practices for the children. With the efforts to raise salaries f or early childhood teachers, many professionals and educators in theRead MoreEarly Childhood Education Has Benefit For Our Society s Economy Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesAbecedarian Project According to all of the videos I watched and articles I read, early childhood education has benefits for the child’s development as well as for our society’s economy. The two programs we were instructed to research are very similar. Both projects focus on the education during the earliest years of life, ages 0-3 years. Both believe that this early education will have an effect on the children throughout their entire lives. Head Start began as an 8-week program in 1965. TheRead MoreEssay On Investing In Our Children1107 Words   |  5 PagesCurrie, J. (1999). Investing in Our Children: What We Know and Don’t Know about the Costs and Benefits of Early Childhood Interventions. Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law, 24(6), 1406-1409. doi:10.1215/03616878-24-6-1406 The above reference focus on the aspect of Investing in children Through research there are increasing evidences during the first years after birth, there is a particularly important in child development that present opportunities for enrichment, but also vulnerabilitiesRead MoreEarly Childhood Education For Children From Low Income Households Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pages Early Childhood Education Early Childhood Educators work in the subset of education that focuses on the infant through preschool age group. Early Childhood Education creates a significant difference in a child development and learning abilities. There is a variety of avenues one can explore for their child’s pre-education. These specific programs are known by several different names, two of which are preschool and pre-K. Educators can work in many different programs with in churches, public schoolsRead MoreThe Effects Of Computers On Children s Early Childhood Education Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pagesespecially, are needed in most American’s everyday lives. So why would early childhood education be any different? From the beginning stages, there has always been a debate of whether computers have a positive or negative impact on children, young children especially. As computers have intergraded themselves into many children’s lives and their education, the debate is even more prominent. S upporters of computer use in early childhood education believe that with proper monitoring and the right software, computersRead MoreThe State Of Georgia Have Quality Early Childhood Education1447 Words   |  6 Pages†¢ Purpose The purpose of this policy is to ensure that all children in the state of Georgia have quality Early Childhood Programs that are accessible, affordable, comprehensive, and sustainable. Crafting strategic and thoughtful policy in the forefront will ensure the academic achievement, social development and future success of the state’s youth. †¢ Scope This policy will aim to address the social, academic and general health needs of all children from birth to the age of 8 years in the state ofRead MoreReflection On Early Childhood Education1198 Words   |  5 Pagesthe past eight weeks, my insights on Early Childhood Education have given me a better understanding of issues and trends in Early Childhood Education. As I mastered this course, I have also become more knowledgeable and understanding of the needs of children and families in my community. Another way that I have been strengthened was through discussions and sharing blogs with my colleagues. On the other hand, researching professional early childhood education topics and viewing multimedia presentationsRead MoreEarly Childhood Education: A Wise Investment Approach for a Better Future721 Words   |  3 PagesTitle Early Childhood Education: A wise investment approach for a better future. 1. Core message There are many benefits from improving quality in Early Child Education services and the trade-off between affordability and quality in these services should not determine the efficiency of this improvement. Even though this latter issue (affordability versus quality) comes to reality and associated dollar cost might impact on families’ budget, it should be explain benefits from this kind of actions

American Nationalism Free Essays

Following a perceived victory in the War of 1812, the surge of nationalistic spirit that swept the nascent U. S. nation revealed its significance as a catalyst for unified change. We will write a custom essay sample on American Nationalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The nationalism manifested itself economically, socially and politically, and was evident through the emergence of a uniquely American culture. The first major political and economic policy change was the emergence of Henry Clay’s American System. The system created an expansive, accessible credit institution, protectionist tariff act, and an invigorated investment in infrastructure (Kennedy 256). The motive for the new policy was the desire to lessen American dependence on cheap British imports. In establishing related acts such as the Tariff of 1816, the nationalist Congress acted directly in the interest of protecting American infant-industries, rather than acting purely from the consumer’s pricing interest. Furthermore, the national bank whose charter had expired was reinstated in an effort to bring in more revenue to the federal government (Kennedy 256). In line with the American System, revenues from tariffs would be allotted to the creation of new transportation methods, such as the Erie Canal (Kennedy 257). However, sectionalism was still present, as states opposed federal funding of interstate commerce, especially those of New England and the Hartford Convention. Despite the sectionalism, an American culture did arise, as seen through the literature of Washington Irving and American-written textbooks (Kennedy 256). Furthermore, America was able to defensively assert its intentions in the Western Hemisphere under the Monroe Doctrine. Although the new American identity unified the country, it was partially built on the unfortunate issue of slavery that would arouse the sectionalist differences between North and South in the years after the Missouri Compromise. How to cite American Nationalism, Essay examples

Business Research for Clients and Public Awareness - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Research for Clients and Public Awareness. Answer: On the basis of the conducted research, it has been analyzed by me that, social networking has been considered as the most relevant and an integral tool for promoting and advertising the products and services of any of the business corporation. Social networking is one of the largest platforms which is held liable in bringing a hike in the sales and profits which indicates a positive stability of the business corporation. It has also been noted that the business entity can gain contacts, clients, public awareness about the products and the services (Dabbagh Kitsantas, 2012). Even the business enterprises who are into the small business can also take the advantage of this platform. On the basis of the research executed on the concept, it has been observed that social media is the medium which has been proven beneficial for the business entities in developing the interactions and relations with the customers. The social networking sites are very much capable of getting the feedback from the clients as the sites are easily accessible and also offer convenient mediums to the consumers. By making use of these services users can express their opinions easily. Moreover, this platform has also been considered as one of the costs efficient method as no operating expenses are incurred while making use of these options. It has been analyzed that the main objective of the presented report is the impacts, the advantages and the disadvantages of social networking sites and the associated platforms. Due to the adoption of the globalization and modernization in the business environment, the business corporations are required compulsorily to make adoption of the emergence of the varied range of technological up-gradations and mechanization. Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin etc. are some of the examples of the social networking sites. Moreover, some of the examples of the business corporations have also been mentioned, such as Telstra, which is an Australian business corporation. This business firm has adopted social media as the platform for enhancing the engagement and involvement with their clients and the other stakeholders (Orland-Barak Yinon, 2007). This will offer a hike to their market share and goodwill and in-turn will experience the increase sales and profits. Moreover, the impacts of the social net working mediums on Telstra and Virgin Australia have also been examined. The below presented is the data which has been collected in the Telstra and Virgin Australia by reviewing their financial reports after the business entities started using the mediums of social networking. Also, the reviews of the workforce were considered significant and their opinions were taken for analyzing the impacts of this platform on the business operations. Effectiveness and usefulness of the learning experience I have observed a drastic change in my opinion after analyzing the concept of social networking mediums and platforms. The analysis gave me a clarity about the concept and this clarity presented that the social networking is more than a site. This made a change in the perception that social networking has been proven advantageous for the business entities in various ways. Moreover, this learning experience has made me aware of the concept of social networking and also the impacts of the same on the business environment (Seidman, 2013). This has also gained me with the knowledge about the usefulness of the social media and advantages and disadvantages of the same. Usefulness of learning process During the times of my graduation, the only aim was to become an HR manager for Business Corporation. I used to analyze and follow well-known HR manager of some of the multinational corporations so as to learn the basic skills and knowledge of the concept. After gaining this knowledge I realized that I grew up with the knowledge about the concept and felt that I have explored myself to a new level. With the assistance of the concept of social networking, I explored myself and found that I have made a number of advancements and up-gradations in my skills and capabilities. And also observed that following the same path will aid me in attaining the future goals and milestones of my career. Moreover, gaining the knowledge about the concept also gave me clarity about some of the areas in my personal life. In earlier times I had stage-phobia, I used to get nervous in front of the crowd while interacting with them. And after exploring the concept I gained the knowledge and confidence. This confidence led me to interact with the crowd and I was feeling comfortable to communicate with them. Explanation of what happened in learning process The above-mentioned learning process is focusing on the concept of social networking. I have learned to upgrade my skills and capabilities to a high level. This concept has made me explore myself to a next level. The mentioned concept has also aided me with communicating and interacting with the crowd. I have also become very much active and practical in my social life and which has enhanced my relations on the personal level. Earlier I was not aware of the concept of social networking but after analyzing the concept in details I came to know about the benefits of the concept and also the usefulness of the same. This aided in a number of aspects. I also got aware that there is a number of mechanisms and tools which can be proved beneficial and can aid in developing the necessary skills and capabilities. Evaluation of learning process The overall learning process and the executed business research has been made focused and revolved around the concept of social networking which has been considered as the largest platform for promoting the products and services of a business entity. Moreover, the business entity will be aided by the process of communication will be executed with an ease. The concept will make a number of advancements and positive modifications on an organizational and personal level in me. Moreover, it has also been analyzed that social networking will be proven beneficial for the business entity as it can be considered as the connecting bridge or the window to the outside world. This will make the business entity to perform Explanation of the learning process The above-mentioned assignment has been analyzed for developing the knowledge about the concept of social networking and also the benefits of the implementation of the concept in the business organization. Moreover, the advantages and the disadvantages of the same are also analyzed which has made positive developments and enhancements in my course and career. In the limelight of the above-executed analysis, it has been reflected that the social networking has been proven as the medium or the platform for developing connections with the outside world. References Akbari, R. 2007, Reflections on reflection: A critical appraisal of reflective practices in L2 teacher education. System, 35(2), 192-207. Barnes, N. G., Lescault, A. M, 2011, Social media adoption soars as higher-ed experiments and reevaluates its use of new communications tools. Center for Marketing Research. University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA. Correa, T., Hinsley, A. W., De Zuniga, H. G, 2010, Who interacts on the Web?: The intersection of users personality and social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(2), 247-253. Dabbagh, N., Kitsantas, A, 2012, Personal Learning Environments, social media, and self-regulated learning: A natural formula for connecting formal and informal learning. The Internet and higher education, 15(1), 3-8. Kim, K. S., Yoo?Lee, E., Joanna Sin, S. C. 2011, Social media as information source: Undergraduates' use and evaluation behavior. Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 48(1), 1-3. Orland-Barak, L., Yinon, H. 2007, When theory meets practice: What student teachers learn from guided reflection on their own classroom discourse. Teaching and teacher education, 23(6), 957-969. Santrock, J. 2015, A topical approach to lifespan development. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Seidman, G. 2013, Self-presentation and belonging on Facebook: How personality influences social media use and motivations. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(3), 402-407. Yang, S. H. 2009, Using blogs to enhance critical reflection and community of practice. Educational Technology Society, 12(2), 11-21. Hajli, M.N., 2014. A study of the impact of social media on consumers.International Journal of Market Research,56(3), pp.387-404.

The Great Gatsby Who is Daisy Buchanan free essay sample

If you were asked to describe Daisy Buchanan right after reading The Great Gatsby, you would more than likely describe her as superficial, shallow, fake and ditzy. However, there is another part of her that she hides from everyone, even herself. Under the surface, there is a reservoir. That is her character, and it takes Jay Gatsby to stir the waters and bring the cleanest form of Daisy to the surface. At first look, Daisy is a totally flat character. She came from money and wealth, she is currently wealthy, and will always have wealth and money. She seems to be in a motionlessness state, but with a closer look, Daisy varies between being very shallow and pretty deep. Even though she does not go through enough change to be called a round character. It is easy to say that she is at a half way mark between flat and round. We will write a custom essay sample on The Great Gatsby Who is Daisy Buchanan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She has a rather complex personality. The reader catches little insights of her true self in a lot of instances, but none better than when she talks about her daughter’s birth. â€Å"’I’m glad it’s a girl. And I hope she’ll be a fool-that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool† (Fitzgerald, 17). This quote is a lot like Daisy herself. On the surface, it sounds ridiculous and unreal, but underneath, it is one of the deepest statements that she makes. What Daisy is really meaning is that she herself is a fool. She’s nothing but a useless little housewife following a lavishly normal routine day after day. In many stories, the fool is a character with hidden wisdom and knowledge about life. The same goes for Daisy, her child, and all the women of the era. In order to live in a man’s world, a woman either had to overlook gender roles completely and never marry or become so humble and innocent that no one assumed her true personality or married her right away. With the conservative definition of happiness in mind, of course every woman proffered to do the second option and so Daisy wished the dreadful happiness on to her daughter. Another part of Daisy’s character is her love of being chased. With that being said, maybe she represents the American Dream; the dream of something unattainable. The intriguing fact about Daisy being the unattainable dream, is that once someone has finally made themselves perfect by her standards, she still rejects them. If Daisy Buchanan is not winning the game of cat and mouse, she changes the rules. For example, when she first visits Gatsby’s castle of a house, she realizes that her poor lieutenant had finally reached her level. â€Å"It makes me sad because I’ve never seen such—such beautiful shirts before† (92). What Daisy actually means is that she has never seen Gatsby wearing such beautiful shirts before. By earning more money than god in a period of four years, Gatsby has almost achieved the American Dream, and therefore Daisy. She is scared to be conquered, to be caught and used as a trophy for the man who achieved the American Dream. It is this fear that keeps her with Tom, because he is so dumb that he doesn’t realize what she is. Like anything that is chased, Daisy must have a shelter to hide in, because if Daisy, the deepest and purest form of her, was finally ever permanently removed from the reservoir in which she hides, she would not be Daisy Buchanan, she would become a shadow or a figment of the imagination.

Civil engineering construction

Civil engineering construction Ambrose notes that the railway was constructed after the American Civil War where the union had won it. Furthermore, there was no slavery meaning that workers had to volunteer in constructing the railway. The writer notes that the construction of transcontinental railroad from Omaha, Nebraska to Sacramento, California was the greatest achievement of the American people (Ambrose 17).Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Civil engineering construction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The writer attributes the success to good governance of Lincoln regime and skilled engineers who had graduated from American colleges. The war played an important role because people had learned to obey orders and work in a team. Ambrose comments that the railway benefited from a large workforce of immigrants who had escaped from China and other places seeking for good fortunes. The writer compares the construction of transcontinental rai lway with Russian trans-Siberian railway, which benefited from slaves. Great men such as Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses Grant and William Sherman supervised railway construction. The leaders played an important role because they held the union together. They had a huge following from both the south and the north. One funny thing was that the first man was the president, the second became the president later and the third turned down the offer of presidency. Strongmen such as Jack and Casement, who had served as army generals during the civil war, supported the leaders. Financiers trusted the activities of the leaders and they could not delay funds, which promoted the railway. The Union Pacific and the Central Pacific funded the railway. They were the two largest corporations at the time. The author observes that it took imagination, intelligence, fortitude, hard work and enthusiasm to complete construction of the railway. The railway construction encountered several problems including hos tility from the natives and unavailability of building materials. The writer asserts in page 19 that the Indians, who never wanted their lives to be interfered with by the presence of the railway, attacked surveyors. It is also observed that wild animals such as buffalos attacked builders. The same problem could be encountered in modern America although with a different form. It is difficult to convince the locals and politicians that a particular infrastructural facility would benefit them. Currently, there is no space for building a railway. Private investors who would demand too much to dispose land to the state are in control of resources. During the construction of transcontinental railway, it took the effort of intelligent men to convince politicians to support the project. The same problem would resurface today in case the same project is proposed. Politicians are reluctant to support projects that do not benefit them directly.Advertising Looking for book review on hi story? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ambrose posits that leaders had to import building materials from east through Panama, around South America. This was costly and time consuming, something that could be faced in modern America. The state is not endowed with building materials meaning that they must be imported from elsewhere. In the modern world, it would even be more costly to import building materials because of high demand of materials. It is a complex process to inquire about building materials, leave alone acquiring them. In this regard, the state prefers other means of transportation to using railway transport. In fact, the writer observes that the railway was the last great railroad project to be erected in the United States. It is impossible to come up with a project that can match transcontinental railway. Ambrose, Stephen. Nothing like it in the world: the men who built the transcontinental. New York, NY: Sim on and Schuster, 2000.

Online Versus Offline Phone Accessories Sales Dissertation

Online Versus Offline Phone Accessories Sales - Dissertation Example The purpose of the study was to establish the level of sales that can be realized for both online and offline phone accessories dealers in UK. Data for the study was collected through questionnaires that were given to 50 participants. The participants were 18 years and above. The study findings showed that despite various challenges that were encountered by numerous participants, information relative to the level of sales was obtained. In addition, there was a positive correlation established between the level of income and the sales level. On a similar note, the study revealed that there is a positive relation between the level of online and offline sales and both short and long-term positive effects attributed to the overall economic growth. Further, study indicated a positive correlation between the price index and the money circulation constraints, which poses a big challenge for those aspiring to own phone accessories businesses. In essence, the results indicate that the variati ons in financing constraints have only limited results on phone accessories sales prices. In the case of the retailers who are poor, the effect of calming down the borrowing challenge on the cost of accessories will be absorbed by the exchange of own phone accessories businesses into public own businesses. Analysis and processing of data involved a number of operations performed with the aim of summarizing the data collected and organizing them to answer the questions of the research (Menard 2008).

EC 313 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

EC 313 - Essay Example Firstly, the ASF (Aggregate Supply of Funding) will remain constant with respect to any interest rate changes therefore we will depict it as a vertical line as shown in the above graph. Suppose that due to certain shocks in the economy, the APE line shifts to the right. The increase in APE will require funding to support it but the ASF will remain unresponsive to the change. As consumers move to gain funding, the lenders will drive up the interest rates. Increase in interest rates will crowd out the demand and the output and price levels will remain unchanged. What if the amount of gold in an economy increased or decreased. Based on the quantity of gold the ASF line would shift to either left or right. If ASF had a rightward shift than it implies that there will be an excess of funding in the economy. Thus the lenders will be willing to provide their money at lower level of interest rates. This lower level of interest rates will induce the consumers to spend more therefore increasing ADF. Now ADF will cross ASF at a decreased interest rate level and both will exceed the GDP level. Increase in a funded demand will cause the firms to increase their prices. This increase in Price Level brings a fall in ASF which will also decrease APE. Prices will continue to move in upward direction until & unless interest rate, APE & ASF return to their original level. Prior to the Great Depression of 1929, the classical macroeconomics functioned as it was required. There were no economic slumps and employment and GDP’s were stable throughout the period. The assumption of classical macroeconomists regarding the invisible hand was proved to be almost true. There was no need for government policies or intervention to control the economy and macroeconomics was taking care of itself. Suddenly, the Great Depression of 1929 made its way in the economy and plunged economies in state of chaos. Some faltering economies almost experienced a decline of 30% in their GDP and as much

Case assignment cultural Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case assignment cultural Identity - Essay Example 2. To what extent do you think cultural beliefs, values, and traditions may impact health education efforts? Please provide examples of negative and positive impacts that apply to the case studies from the video. Cultural beliefs, values and traditions play a crucial role in the health-care setting. As emphasized in the National Transitions of Care Coalition (NTOCC) (n.d.), â€Å"health care professionals increasingly recognize the crucial role that culture plays in the healthcare of a client or patient and the need to deliver services in a culturally competent manner† (p. 1). Therefore, the ability of health care professionals to educate the patients on the most effective intervention would depend on the ability to communicate messages that accommodate understanding cultural beliefs, values, and traditions. In the case studies from the video, the good cross-cultural patient communication scenario clearly depicts that the following elements assist in effective efforts for health education: (1) eliciting information on the cultural remedies; (2) demonstration of acceptance of patient’s views; (3) accommodating the health beliefs of patients; (4) explores understanding of the cultural impact; and (5) empathizes and supports the patient’s perspectives and cultural views (University of Michigan: Lesson 1, 2010). On the other hand, the bad cross-cultural patient communication scenario exemplified negative impacts on health education and cultural competence: (1) not demonstrating acceptance of patient’s view; (2) not eliciting information on cultural remedies; (3) not accommodating health beliefs; and (4) not empathizing and supporting the patient’s perspectives and cultural views (University of Michican: Lecture 2, 2010). Based on the video, one would suggest to health professionals who want to improve their cross-cultural communications

Twelfth Night Essay

Twelfth Night Essay The Different Types of Love Presented in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night True love is sincere based on actions and sacrificial services to make the other happy. It is always quiet and in disguise. Its based on inner qualities and driven by reason, principles of trust and commitment. True love is centered on pleasing the other and is more permanent; growing stronger as time passes. Infatuation on the other hand, is insincere and driven by emotions. Its superficial; based on words and displays of affection. Infatuation is also self-centered; based on external appearances. It expects the other to meet your needs. Moreover, its temporary. Its just a phase that one goes through. William Shakespeare shows us these two types of love outlining the entire play. However, there are more than just these types of love being presented in the play. There is also friendship and self-love, which are two other kinds of love, which is presented in the play. Sir Andrew and Malvolio show self-love in the play. Friendship is also another kind of love that is being presented in the play by Orsino and ‘Caesario. Almost every type of love is being expressed in this play. Sibling relationships, genuine love, self-love leading to complete blind love. The characters also seem to go to extremes to get want they want which is the love that they desire. From this we can sometimes even associate love with their madness to get what they want. In the play, Twelfth Night, we can see that Orsinos romantic infatuation for Olivia leads to sentimental his own self-absorption. We can see this by the quote, â€Å" If music be the food of love, play on, /Give me excess of it, that surfeiting, /he appetite may sicken and so die.†. Here Orsino is relating music to love. Too much or excess music, meaning over-indulgence in music is actually being compared with overeating food. Just like how overeating makes one feel sick, over-indulgence in music in this case, over-indulgence in love for Olivia makes one lovesick and desperate. From another quote, â€Å" Love thoughts lie rich when canopied with bowers† tells us that he needs his surroundings to be very romantic to be able to love. Orsino seems to love Olivia only in such conditions and he feels that his so strong for her that even in a short period of time, his love is so full of fancies. This clearly shows us that his love is actually infatuation for Olivia, as nones love gets strong within just a short period of time. â€Å"O sprit of love, how quick and fresh art thou,† tells us that Orsino is saying that lovers are so hungry that for their lovers that that other good things in life seem to lose their value. The lover is completely wrapped up in his own fertile and intense imagination. This tells us that his love for Olivia is a self-absorbed love. Also, Olivias exaggerated and over-indulged love for her dead brother leads to excessive grief, self- dramatization and self-pity. We can see this from her speech that Valentine made to Orsino regarding Olivia, â€Å"The element itself, till seven years heat, /Shall not behold her face at ample view, / But, like a cloistress, she will veiled walk, / And water once a day her chamber round/ With eye-offending brine; all this to season/ A brothers dead love, which she would keep fresh/ And lasting, in her sad remembrance.†. We can see that that this speech on what Olivia does is exaggerated, as she wants the whole world to know that she is mourning for her dead brother. This shows us that this act of over-indulgence of love shown for her brother leads to self-dramatization of own self. We can also see this, as from the speech, we can see her passion that she has for her dead brother and we can see this passion being displayed in her loyalty and devotion to her brother by mourning for him, which is also self-dramatized. From this act of grieving for her brother we can also see that she is being very emotional here. We can see that she is very emotional here as she expresses her emotions excessively. This tells us that this act of mourning for her dead brother does not only lead to self-dramatization, it also leads to excessive grief being shown out to others. We can also see that this exaggerated and over-indulged love for her brother that she displays also leads to self-pity as through her act of mourning. We can see this by the tears she cries from the lines â€Å"eye-offending brine† that she wallows in self-pity as she is only crying to get attention from others so that others would pity her. Olivias love is demonstrated through the external in this sense it is simply by her tears. There appears a lack of sincerity or genuine love in her actions. In fact, she appears to be self-absorbed. Her mourning draws more attention to her than to her brother . One example showing that is when Orsino himself later praises Olivia and hardly mentions her brother at all. This happens when Orsino says, â€Å" How will she love, when rich golden shaft Hath killed the flock of all affections else that live in her; when liver, brain, and heart, These sovereign thrones, are all supplied and filled, her sweet perfections, with one self king!†. Everything that Orsino said was all about â€Å"she†, Olivia. Nothing of anything that he said was to do with Olivias dead brother. This shows that Olivia only gets pity from others, which in addition is considered as getting self-pity from others like the count Orsino. Moreover, Olivias impulsive and reckless love for ‘Caesario is ironically as misjudged and misguided as Orsinos love for her. We can see that Olivia fell in love with ‘Caesario impulsively and recklessly from the quote, â€Å"Not too fast! soft, soft†. From this quote, we can see that she fears that shes falling in love too fast and gets carried away by her love for ‘Caesario† which shows how fast she actually has fallen in love with ‘Caesario which shows us her reckless and impulsive love for ‘Caesario. It is ironically misjudged and misguided as Orsinos love for her. We can see this the fact that since Orsinos love for her is superficial and Olivias love for ‘Casario is also as superficial as Orsinos is for her. We can see this as she is carried away by her emotions. We can see this from the quote, â€Å"I do I know not what, and fear to find/ Mine eye too great a flatterer for my mind.†. This quote tells us that she is carrie d away by what she feels and what she sees but by not her mind. From this we can tell that her love is superficial as it acts on her emotions, which she feels when she feels, infatuated by ‘Caesario. Olivia also could be accused for self-love, for revealing a rather vain and proud disposition. We can see this from the quote, â€Å"Ist not well done?†. From this quote, we can see that she is rather vain. Another quote, â€Å"Were you sent hither to praise me† tells us that Olivia has a rather proud disposition of herself. From this quote, we can see that she is lost in her own praise and thinks that everyone wants to see her because of her beauty which is not true at all. So from this we can see that Olivia does display self-love revealing a vain and proud disposition of herself. In the play Malvolios self-love is one of the most extreme and unpleasant kind, resulting in overweening pride and self-delusion. The quote, â€Å"wise men, that crow so at these set kind of fools, no better than the fools zanies.† We can see that Malvolio thinks that he is clever than most wise men, thus being arrogant and this leads to showing us that he has overweening pride of himself. He also called Feste a â€Å"barren rascal†. This shows that Malvolio sees himself as a very witty person as he called Feste a witless person by calling him a â€Å"barren rascal†. Another quote, â€Å"Maria once told me that she did affect me; and I have heard herself come thus near, that should she fancy, it should be one of my complexion.† shows us Malvoilo is thinking himself handsome and noble enough for â€Å"she† who is Olivia. Malvolio is blind as he deceives himself just to suit the outlook of the situation. Another example is when in the play he twists à ¢â‚¬ËœOlivias words around to make it sound like she admires his yellow cross-gartered stockings, when Olivia really despises them. Sir Andrew is similarly guilty of self-love. He thinks that people love him because he is witty and dashing. He also reveals a vain disposition of himself, being accused of self-love. We can see from the quote, â€Å"Faith, I can cut a caper.† shows us that Sir Andrew is being vain as he praises himself. This also shows his egoistic character. We can see from that quote that he is dashing as he can â€Å"cut a caper†. Fro this we can see that Sir Andrew has self-love for himself. Another quote, â€Å"Methinks sometimes I have no more wit than a Christian or an ordinary man has†. From this quote, we can also see Sir Andrew thinking that he is witty. Sir Andrew that people loves him because he is witty and dashing. Both of which, he is not at all. So from all this we can see the fact that he has self-love. In Antonio, the play demonstrates the generous and selfless nature of the love inspired by true friendship. We can see this from the quote, â€Å"If you will not murder me for my love, let me be your servant. From this quote, we can see Antonio showing very passionate love for Sebastian. We can also see him being sacrificial, as he wants to serve Sebastian by being his servant. â€Å"let me be you servant† suggests that Antonio wants to follow Sebastian, wants to protect him and wants to be with him. From all this we can see his selfless nature of love that is inspired by true friendship as he puts Sebastian before himself. From the quote, we can also tell his sincerity and generosity that he has by being sincere to Sebastian and also truly being generous by laying out his own self to be Sebastians servant. Also in Sebastian and Viola we can see the intimate and intense love between brother and sister. The first thing Viola says when she steps into lllyria is that, â€Å"My brother, he is in Elysium†.From this we can tell that what she said is being said sincerely as the focus is on her brother and not on herself. We can also see that from the fact that the statement said that it was a short, simple and direct statement. From that quote, we can see Viola displaying love for Sebastian by worrying for him thinking that he is dead. From this we can see the intense and intimate love between her and her brother, Sebastian. Sebastian on the other hand also displays the same affection that Viola displays for him without he himself knowing it as they have been separated at sea. Sebastian while talking to Antonio about Viola says, â€Å"She is drowned already, sir, with salt water, though I seem to drown her remembrance again with more†. From what he says we can see that he has a c lose relationship with his sister, Viola. It also shows that Sebastian is a sensitive person that loves his sister, Viola very much. Through even their times of sorrow and mourning for each of their apparent deaths they still loved each other. Both believed deep down in their hearts that maybe someway or by some miracle that each of them was still alive and well. Through all this we can see the intimate and intense love that both brother and sister, Sebastian and Viola share between each other. Another kind of love portrayed in this play is true love like Violas. Violas patient and consistent love for Orsino is perhaps the most selfless, generous and ennobling of all. The quote, â€Å"We men say more, swear more, but indeed/Our shows are more than will; for still we prove/Much in our vows, but little in our love.†. Viola here says how a womens (herself) love is more faithful, mature, and sincere than men. From this we can see Viola love being the most ennobling of all. Another quote â€Å"Too well what love women to men may owe. / In faith, they are as true of heart as we.† From this quote, we can see the sincerity of Violas love for Orsino. â€Å"And with a green and yellow melancholy/ She sat like Patience on a monument†. This quote tells us of Violas patience; that her patience is stable and unchanging. In only true love can unchanging and stable patience for the person you love can be found. Thus, from this we can see the true love that Viola has fo r Orsino. When Orsino asks her history, Viola says, â€Å"A blank, my lord. She never told her love, / But let concealment, like a worn ithbud, / Feed on her damask check. She pined in thought,† this quote tells us of Violas intense love that is not shown to Orsino. By her words we can tell of her hidden, long suffering that is killing her slowly. This shows her being sacrificial to Orsino, which shows us of her selfless love. Another example of her selfless love for Orsino is when she tells Orsino, â€Å" Ill do my best/ To woo your lady.† From this we can see that she sacrifices her own happiness for his. â€Å"[Aside] Yet a barful strife! / Whoever I woo, myself would be his wife.† This quote is very powerful and strong as it may be observed in the soliloquy, which shows Violas true self, which ends the scene in a rhyming couplet. The love she displays here is sacrificial as she yet again sacrifices her own happiness to make Orsino happy to get what she wants which is to be by him and to serve him. This shows the selfless nature of her love and also the generosity she displays by wanting to serve Orsino which is also the noblest as she does not exaggerate or use flowery language to express her true love for Orsino. Now, another kind of love displayed here is friendship, which I earlier mentioned which both Antonio and Sebastian shared. Another pair who share friendship is Orsino and ‘Caesario. They do not even know each other very well but they got very close within a short period of time. We can see this from the quote, â€Å"He hath known you but three days, and already you are no stranger.†. We also can see that Orsinos and ‘Caesarios relationship is close from the quote, â€Å"Who saw ‘Caesario ho?†. This quote tells us that the first person out of all the servants in his court he calls upon is ‘Caesario which tells us that ‘Caesario is his favourite and that they have a very close relationship. Also we can see that he trusts only ‘Caesario to do such a thing as to go and help him woo Olivia, who is his love. To that ‘Caesario says â€Å"Sure, my noble lord,† and is reluctant to go which shows us that they have an understanding of each other. Thus, from this we can see that they have a close relationship as good friends. Another friendship is between Viola and the Sea Captain. They survived the shipwreck together and the Sea Captain promised to keep Violas idea about pretending to be a man a secret. If the Sea Captain did say anything at all about this in the play, the entire play of â€Å"Twelfth Night† would have changed. We know that he had agreed to keep Viola pretending to be man a secret from the quote, â€Å"Be you his eunuch and your mute Ill be. / When my tongue blabs, then let mine eyes not see.†. From this quote, we even can see that he told Viola that if he told anyone about this his eyes shall be put out, as in to say that Viola may blind him from sight. Thus, we can see a very strong bond of friendship among them. Yet another form of friendship being displayed in the play which is the strangest is the friendship that which both Sir Toby and Sir Andrew share. They are close frien ds but sometimes Sir Toby does not appear to show it as he sets up Sir Andrew and likes to get him into trouble. From the quote, â€Å"Will either of you bear me a challenge to him?†, we can see that Sir Toby challenged Sir Andrew to a duel. This happens in Act three Scene two, even though Sir Andrew is not a good swordsman and he does not know it. However, Sir Andrew appreciates Sir Tobys company as Sir Toby always lifts up his spirits whenever he is â€Å"put down† and makes him feel like a â€Å"true knight†. Twelfth Night consists of many love triangles, however many of the characters that are tangled up in the web of love are blind to see that their emotions and feelings toward other characters are untrue. They are being deceived by themselves and/or the others around them. There are certain instances in the play where the emotion of love is true, and the two people involved feel very strongly toward one another. Violas love for Orsino is a great example of true love. Although she is pretending to be a man and is virtually unknown in Illyria, she hopes to win the Dukes heart. In act 1, scene 4, Viola lets out her true feelings for Cesario, yet a barful strife! Whoeer I woo, myself would be his wife. That statement becomes true when Viola reveals her true identity. Viola and Orsino had a very good friendship, and making the switch to husband and wife was easy. Viola was caught up in another true love scenario, only this time she was on the receiving end, and things didnt work out so smoo thly. During her attempts to court Olivia for Orsino, Olivia grew to love Cesario. Viola was now caught in a terrible situation and there was only one way out, but that would jeopardize her chances with Orsino. Its amazing that Olivia could fall for a woman dressed as a man, but because Viola knew what women like to hear, her words won Olivias heart. This is just one of the love triangle that occurs in the play. â€Å"Twelfth Night† is a romantic comedy, and romantic love is the plays main focus. Despite the fact that the play offers a happy ending, in which the various lovers find one another and achieve wedded bliss, Shakespeare shows that love can cause pain. Many of the characters seem to view love as a kind of curse, a feeling that attacks its victims suddenly and disruptively. Various characters claim to suffer painfully from being in love, or, rather, from the pangs of unrequited love. At one point, Orsino depicts love dolefully as an â€Å"appetite† that he wants to satisfy and cannot; at another point, he calls his desires â€Å"fell and cruel hounds†. Olivia more bluntly describes love as a â€Å"plague† from which she suffers terribly. These metaphors contain an element of violence, further painting the love-struck as victims of some random force in the universe. Even the less melodramatic Viola sighs unhappily â€Å"My state is desperate for my master s love†. This desperation has the potential to result in violence—as in Act five Scene one, when Orsino threatens to kill ‘Cesario because he thinks that ‘Cesario has forsaken him to become Olivias lover. So from this we can see that â€Å"Twelfth Night† is also a romantic comedy which is yet another theme of love that is being presented in the play. Love is also exclusionary in this play as some people achieve romantic happiness, while others do not. At the end of the play, as the happy lovers rejoice, both Malvolio and Antonio are prevented from having the objects of their desire. Malvolio, who has pursued Olivia, must ultimately face the realization that he is a fool, socially unworthy of his noble mistress. Antonio is in a more difficult situation, as social norms do not allow for the gratification of his apparently sexual attraction to Sebastian. Love, thus, cannot conquer all obstacles, and those whose desires go unfulfilled remain no less in love but feel the sting of its absence all the more severely. Love plays a major role in Twelfth Night, and Shakespeare addresses true love, self-love and friendship in a very compelling and interesting way. Twelfth Night is the true definition of love, and I feel that Shakespeare does a great job of explaining a somewhat difficult topic, which is love.

Acid Precipitation Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sitting in your room late at night, you listen to the gentle pittter-patter of the rain on your window. Ahh, so soothing and relaxing. Have you ever really wondered what the rain is really made of? Is that just water or is it acid slowly streaming down out there? That rain you hear just might be acid rain, it could change the way you live your life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The commonly used terms â€Å"acid rain† and â€Å"acid precipitation† describe specific forms of a type of pollution described generally as â€Å"acid deposition.† Harmful gases that rise into the air mix with cloud moisture, sunlight, and oxidants. There they chemically combine into dilute sulfuric and nitric acids, which fall back to the earth. This is acid deposition. The major contributing pollutants are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide (Morgan, 5). â€Å"Acid rain† is basically rainwater with a pH level lower than 5.6 (Morgan, 3). The term pH means â€Å"potential hydrogen†. When a substance has a pH level of 7, it is completely neutral with the same number of hydroxyl and hydrogen ions (Pringle, 6). Acidity in the atmosphere can be changed by many natural things. When a volcano erupts, sulfur dioxide is spewed out. Droughts produce unusually dry soil conditions allowing dust particles to be carried upward into the air, neutralizing the acids that may be present at the time (Pringle, 4). Acid Rain can come in concentrations sometimes more acidic than lemon juice. These pollutants reach the earth in rain, snow, hail, sleet, or fog. The rain at the beginning of a shower is usually more acidic than the rain that follows. Dry acidic particles can also fall from the atmosphere. Because wind can carry gases and moisture for hundreds of miles, even areas far away from the source bear the effects of acid deposition (Durha m, 10). There are of course, many things that we as humans do everyday to promote and support the continuation of acid rain. Not intentionally, of course. When the fossil fuel, (i.e. coal) is used, the sulfur in it mixes with Oxygen in the air to form sulfur dioxide. The sulfur dioxide is eventually turned into acid over a matter of days. Coal-fired power plants are the single greatest cause of acid rain in the United States. They account for two-thirds of all sulfur dioxide emissions in the US (Pringle 16; Morgan 75). In the mid-1980’s, the United states alon... ...ain can aggravate a person's ability to breathe and may increase disease, which could lead to death (Bennet) In conclusion, any rain with a pH level lower than 5.6 are classified as acid rain. Acid rain is made when sulfur dioxides mix with nitrogen oxides to form acids. The acids then can come back down out of the atmosphere in either a dry or a wet form. Both of these have proven devastating to both aquatic animals and forests. Billions of dollars have been spent to correct and try to fix what acid rain had done to buildings and monuments. Acid rain also has its toll on the health of us humans. The food you eat could be contaminated with toxins due to acid rain, you’d never know it either. Sources: Bennet, Mark. â€Å"Acid Rain† 2-25-00. Online. Internet. 1-17-96 Available WWW: http://www.soton.ac.uk/~engenvir/enviroment/air/acid.home.html Durham, Jack. Acid Rain: A Student’s First Sourcebook. Diane Publishing Co.: 1994. Morgan, Sally. Acid Rain. Franklin Watts, Incorporated 1999. Phamornsuwana, Sam. â€Å"Effects of Acid Rain† 2-24-00. Online. Internet. 1-5-99 Available WWW: http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects.html Pringle, Laurence. Rain of Troubles. Macmillan Publishing Co.: 1988.

Analysis of The Notebook Essay

The Notebook begins at a nursing home where an elderly man called â€Å"Duke† reads a love story that is written in a notebook to an elderly woman who is also a patient. The story is set in Seabrook Island, South Carolina where a local boy by the name of Noah Calhoun falls in love with a young heiress named Allie Hamilton. In order to get her to go on a date with him, Noah climbs up a Ferris wheel at the local carnival and threatens to jump off unless she agrees to go out with him. Their first date is at the movies and ends with the two dancing in the street. The end of their date leads into a beautiful summer love affair where the two fall deeply in love with each other. Allies parents are dead set against the two young people being together; this is mainly due to Noah’s status (being poor) in the world. Eventually the two break-up and Allie returns home to Charleston with her parents. Even though the two are apart they are still very much in love with each other. Noah writes a letter to Allie every day for one year; unfortunately Allies mother intercepts the letters and does not give them to her daughter. Since neither one hears from the other they decide that they have no choice but to move on. Noah goes on to fight in World War II, while Allie goes on to college and then volunteers as a nurse who cares for wounded soldiers. During her time as a volunteer Allie meets Lon; a young lawyer who comes from old money. The two date for a while and then one night while out with her parents Lon proposes to Allie and she accepts. Even though she is engaged to someone else Allie still thinks about Noah. In the meantime Noah returns home from the war and sees Allie eating at a restaurant with Lon and catches the two of them kissing. Noah decides to go back home and restore the plantations house, thinking that if he can finish it then Allie will eventually come back to him. One day while searching for her wedding dress Allie sees a picture of Noah and the finished house in the paper. Allie decides that she must go back and see Noah. Upon her arrival the two talk for a while and then eat dinner. L ater the next day he takes Allie for a boat ride out on the river and shows her the swans. On the way back it is storming and Allie finally asks Noah why he never wrote to her. Here she finds out that Noah did in fact write to her and after arguing for a while the two ends up making love. The next day Allies mother  shows up and gives her the letters that Noah had written all those years ago and tells her that she needs to make a choice. Eventually Allie chooses Noah and she breaks off her engagement with Lon. In the present we find that â€Å"Duke† is actually Noah and the elderly woman is Allie. The two have been married happily all of these years. The reason that Noah has been reading this notebook love story to her is because Allie has dementia and at times his retelling her the story helps her to remember. At the very end of the movie Allie asks Noah if he thinks that their love is strong enough to take them away together, meaning die together. He believes that it is and the two lie down on the bed wrapped in each other’s arms and die peacefully. I found this movie to be very touching, sad, and happy all at the same time. The way the tw o loved each other so fully and completely through everything is something that I believe is clearly lacking in today’s world. Through most of the movie we find Allie holding her emotions in, fearful of hurting those that she cares about. We can see this when she finally concedes to her parents’ wishes and moves back to Charleston. We also see this when she accepts Lon’s proposal, not just because she cares and loves him, but because he is what her parents would have chosen (and approved of) for her. Another major place where we see this is towards the end when she is trying to make her decision on whom to be with. In each instance we find her extremely fearful of expressing her emotions. Another issue that we see through the movie is inadequate interpersonal skills. This is one of the hardest communication obstacles to overcome. This is because many people simple do not know how to express their emotions. While this can be seen with all the arguing that occurs between Noah and Allie; we also see it more subtly with Allie and her mother. This is because Allie and her mother never simply sit dow n and talk to each other about the issue of the relationship between Noah and Allie. Instead of explaining to Allie from the beginning how she felt and why she felt that way about the relationship she instead decided to yell and hide the letters that Noah had written. Had the two learned to communicate better from the beginning it would have saved a lot of heartache. Through this movie we can also see the Socialization Theory at work. This theory talks about the different ways that men and women are taught to express their emotions. During this movie we see Allie’s mother hold her emotions in when it comes to anything other than he  daughter’s actions. Anne is what would be considered the perfect southern woman. She does not express any negative emotions in public setting; instead she keeps them to herself. We can also see this with her father and how he ever so eloquently addresses Noah and his unhappiness with him seeing his daughter. In both respects Allies parents act emotionally how the upper class of southern society would expected to. This movie shows every aspect of a relationship, from the good to the bad. It shows that no relationship is perfect; they all have their ups and there downs. While many different elements of em otional communication can be seen, for me the concepts of fear, inadequate interpersonal skills and the socialization theory are the most appropriate. I believe that this movie can teach all people something about relationships.

DaVinci code essays

DaVinci code essays Discuss the main characters/ relationships between characters/ internal and external conflicts. Use the characters names. Robert Langdon is a man suspected of the murder of the curator of the Louvre. He is convinced to run my Sophie Neveu, the curators granddaughter, to run. They encounter a series of external conflicts like Silas, the killer albino monk, Fache, Coller, the local polices, and the codes they have to solve. Some internal conflicts were that Sophie kept thinking about her grandfather and both had were frustrated with the ciphers. Langdons major internal conflict was the decision to run and not defend himself in court or against Fache. Plot Summary In a two days, the American symbologist Robert Langdon finds himself accused of murdering the curator of the Louvre. While on the run through the streets of Paris and London, he teams up with French cryptologist, Sophie Neveu, to uncover the secret location of the Holy Grail. Also, a conservative Catholic bishop is on the edge of destroying the Grail, which includes a secret history of Christ that could bring down the entire church. Whoever is ordering the deaths of the Grail's guardians, most likely modern-day members of an ancient society started by the famed Knights Templar must be stopped before the treasure is lost forever. In order to do so, Langdon and Neveu have to solve a series of ciphers, riddles, and codes while also evading the French police commander, Fache and a murderous albino monk named Silas. Right now, (halfway) they are stuck solving ingenious riddles and codes each leading to another set of codes and ciphers, over and over again. What will happen next? Read the next reading log by me, Dennis Chen. 3 Examples of Foreshadowing 1. When I read the part where Dan Brown describes the crime scene, in my head I knew it was just like the Vitruvian ...

Sozial Classes in England essays

Sozial Classes in England essays The development of the English class Society A class is a group of people within a society who possess the same socio nomic status. (www.britannica.com) Class is defined by, for example, the behaviour, marriage and the rights and obligations between a certain group of people. Castes, possession and status are historically seen much older than the social phenomenon class. In 1688 Gregory King divided English society into twenty-six ranks and degrees. Classes did not emerge until there was a division of labour in society. The word class first came up during the Industrialisation and was created by Karl Marx. Marx divided society into three groups of people, the aristocracy, bourgeoisie and the proletarian masses. Also called the upper class, middle class and working class. Long before the Industrial Revolution successful men of business, politics and the professions had become part of the aristocracy. The generation between 1920 and 1950 saw a more rapid social change than any other British generation before. It was a silent transformation which was brought out by reforms. The main aims were the distribution of income, social security and equality of opportunities. The power of the old ruling class began to dissappear long before 1920.The generation of that time saw its collapse. Between 1914 and 1918 Britain spent as much money as it spent in the two centuries before and owed the United States a lot of money. In consequence heavy taxes were imposed and the rich had to give up their wealth to the state. In 1922 the aristocratic families were still well off but the workers movement started becoming a political force. One by one the ancestral homes which had for so long been the pride of England were sold and some of them were turned into hospitals, schools and similar other institutions. By 1950 only a few of the great country houses were left in the original use. In 1930 the major...

Wanting to become an auditor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wanting to become an auditor - Essay Example The spirit of the law is demonstrated by examining the legitimate goals of a company, which provide it with ethical direction and by examining the duties of the accounting professionals who are accountable to the company as well as the general public. These professional responsibilities are determined by their legitimate economic functions. The major responsibilities of the external auditor are first, to evaluate financial statements and ensure that such statements reflect the financial facts of a company and second, to closely monitor the financial markets and query irregular practices that would obfuscate the facts. To achieve these objectives the auditor has to resort to professional skepticism.1 The competence of an accountant is dependant to a very large extent on the skill possessed in handling numbers. Since, this skill can be used to misrepresent and distort the true position, it has to be concluded that in the absence of morality a good accountant is not a moral or ethical accountant. The auditor’s duty is to ensure that accounting or the language of business is properly utilized so that the financial data is interpreted correctly. Moreover, the function of the independent auditor is that of a watchdog and the auditor has to ensure that the companys assessments are reasonable and not at variance with the reality. Further, these assessments are to be made on the basis of a consistent policy, which does not change over the years. It is the duty of the external auditor to certify that the financial statement of a company fairly represents its financial position as such certifications are essential requirements for an efficient financial market. The spirit behind these functions has been seriously violated in recent years. Blind insistence on compliance with the principles, practices and conventions has relegated to the background the all important requirement that financial statements should provide clear and unambiguous details of the

Transformational Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Transformational Leadership - Essay Example Some of the factors were the rapid changes in technology, an increase in the circulation of products from recently industrialized nations, increased competitiveness among the competitors, pricing strategy in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) being volatile, and changing market structures led to a strong, volatile and competitive atmosphere in which important changes in the organization were crucial. Downsizing and adopting of new types of business agreement were the most common changes carried out. Therefore these changes took their toll on employee empowerment and satisfaction. This broke the old social agreement that had long term employment and in exchange get the employee's loyalty (Griffin 2003, p. 1). Secondly, in the 1970s, we had the contingency theory on leadership. The theory on leadership was established in research of behaviors, character, and circumstances and did not account for several untypical features in leaders (Simic 1998, p. 50). These are the fact tendencies that led to the realization of the theory of transformation.Odom and Green (2003), based on research and the analysis of a number of legal cases, claim that when the concept of transformational leadership is used in ethical dilemmas that managers face there is less litigation and better moral results than if the transactional approach to values that is common was used. Within academic surroundings, as a result of transformational leadership, instructors are more likely to work together and are perceived.

Comparative Eastern Influences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparative Eastern Influences - Essay Example Both religions employ the concepts of karma, the understanding that a person's happiness is determined by the good and evil he/she has committed in not only one lifetime but many subsequent lifetimes, and nirvana, the exemption from the repetition of living, dying, and reliving (p. 497). In Hinduism, according to Bruder and Moore (2005), "humans, though basically good, are caught up in a cycle of desire and suffering that is the direct result of ignorance and ego. In short, they are miserable. The desires that torment them are many and diverse, including sensual lusts and the desire for existence" (p. 497). Hinduism's beliefs are built upon searching for absolutism, and for a person to obtain a unity with his/her soul and with eternal life (p. 495). In a similar fashion, Buddhism targets ignorance and selfishness as the grounds for suffering. Bruder and Moore (2005) state that a person cannot have these two character flaws as a way to live "because what happens is so much beyond one' s control. For even when life goes as is hoped for, there is no guarantee that it will continue that way, and inevitably anxiety and fear overwhelm temporary satisfaction" (p. 498). The Vedas are Hinduism's doctrine that instructs the ideal way of living. It contains the Upanishads, which contains the mahavakya, or "the four great sayings" (p. 496). Atman is, simply, one person and his soul. Brahman is, as Bruder and Moore (2005) write, the "ultimate reality or principal and the source and sustainer of all things, including people and gods. It is the supreme consciousness, the one, the One-and-only-One" (p. 496). The mahavakya describe how a Hindu can unity his atman and a brahman (which can be done through much meditation): "1) Consciousness is brahman, 2) That art thou, 3) The self is brahman, and 4) I am brahman" (p. 495-6). The Vedas influenced the religion's philosophical schools, created to help its students achieve spiritual emancipation: Yoga, Vedanta, Nyaya, Vaisesika, Samkhya, and Mimamsa (p. 495). Buddhism has the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as its dogmas. The Four Noble Truths acknowledge that agony exists, the sources of agony, the actuality that the person can terminate his/her agony, and how to do so, which are illustrated in the eight statements known as the Eightfold Path (p. 498). The directions contained in the Eightfold Path are the Right View, Right Aim, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Living, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Contemplation. These are listed in the order that the person must take in order to succeed. For example, the right aim cannot be established without first having the right view (pp. 500-502). Hindu's origins are unknown; no one knows who discovered it, when, or under what circumstances. However, Hindus accept the dogmas dictated in the Vedas (p. 495). Despite its unknown origins, Bruder and Moore (2005) state, "It is best to view it (Hinduism) as a spiritual attitude that gives rise to a wide range of religious and philosophical beliefs and practices. These range from the worship of village and forest deities, which often take zoomorphic forms, to sophisticated metaphysical theories" (p. 495). With Buddhism, there is a detailed account of its establishment by Prince Siddhartha Gautama, who would later be renowned

Intergration and reflection Essay Example for Free

Intergration and reflection Essay This is a reflection paper in partial fulfillment of the course math 101 module 6. It is my evaluation for the entire course in terms of strengths, ability, knowledge and how I can implement or relate to them on a day to day life. The challenges I met along the way and what I would have done to overcome them and if the course objectives were fully integrated. I was able to acquire the knowledge, skills and understanding of the course and ready to advance to a higher level. I have learnt to solve problems by paying attention to detail and making a decision. I’ve also learnt big problems are made up of small problems so first know how to solve the small ones so as to manage the big ones. I believe I did exceptionally well in terms of performance but there is always room for improvement. Participating more in class, focusing on my week areas, reading more course books are just some ways I would have improved more. The topics that were a challenge were graphing inequalities and factors of numbers. In order to implement these topics more participating during class time and doing tests after every topic to gauge the understanding of the topics would help in a great way. The aptitude you acquire in class will help in your daily life. For example calculating change, taxes, discounts, commission, distance between two points for example from school to home, or even planting trees or flowers in a particular area. The course objective were fully achieved as am now able to solve application problems, calculate according to order of operations and also comparing quantities using ratios.

Hip Hop :: Rap Music Hip-hop essays research papers

Hip-hop as a musical form began among the youth of South Bronx, New York in the mid- 1970’s. Individuals such Kool Herc and Grandmaster Flash were some of the early pioneers of this art form.(Fernando 43) Through their performances at clubs and promotion of the music, hip-hop consistently gained in popularity throughout the rest of the 1970’s. The first commercial success for hip-hop was a song â€Å"Rapper's Delight† by the Sugar Hill Gang in 1979.(Potter 45) This helped bring hip-hop into the national spotlight. The 1980’s saw the continued success of hip-hop with many artists such as Run DMC (who had the first rap album to go gold in 1984), L.L. Cool J, Fat Boys, and west coast rappers Ice-T and N.W.A becoming popular. Today, in the late 1990’s rap music continues to be a prominent and important aspect of African- American culture. Hip-hop was a way for youths in black inner city neighborhoods to express what they were feeling, seeing, and living and it became a form of entertainment. Hanging out with friends and rapping or listening to others rap kept black youths out of trouble in the dangerous neighborhoods in which they lived. The dominant culture did not have a type of music that filled the needs of these youth, so they created their own. So, hip-hop originally emerged as a way "for [black] inner city youth to express their everyday life and struggles" (VOT, 125). Hip-hop is now seen as a subculture that, includes a large number of middle to upper white class youths, which have grown to support and appreciate it. Many youth in America today are considered part of the hip-hop subculture because they share a common love for a type of music that combines catchy beats with rhythmic music and thoughtful lyrics to create songs with a distinct political stance. Hip-hop lyrics are about the problems rappers have seen, such as poverty, crime, violence, racism, poor living conditions, drugs, alcoholism, corruption, and prostitution. These are serious problems that many within the hip-hop subculture believe are being ignored by mainstream America. Those within the subculture recognize and acknowledge that these problems exist. Those within this subculture consider "the other group" to be those people who do not understand hip-hop and the message its artists are trying to send. The suppresser, or opposition, is the dominant culture, because it ignores these problems and perhaps even acts as a catalyst for some of them.

Analyzing Shakespears Sonnet 5 :: essays research papers

Many factors can be used to analyze “Sonnet 55'; by William Shakespear and “Licia'; by Giles Fletcher. “Sonnet 55'; and “Licia'; share the subject of eternal love. In “Sonnet 55,'; the narrator says that the memory of his love will last through “wasteful wars'; that destroy tangible objects (Shakespear 5). Love remains in the mind;'; it is “living record of [the lover’s] memory'; and cannot be destroyed (Shakespear 8). “Licia'; also mentions strong tangible objects being out-lasted by love. However, it also says that true love lasts beyond the superficial “rose and silver lilies;'; as they die, love remains. Even as the rivers dry and the earth decays, love prevails. The last two lines of each sonnet emphasize the subject; as time passes, everything fades except love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The attitudes of Shakespear and Fletcher are also similar. Both are in awe of the power and perseverance of love. They mention things that they think of as extremely powerful and say that love will outlast them; unlike them, love will not even fade. They make love seem to be like a rock that does not decay or move; it is ever-present with the lovers and it is never forgotten.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both sonnets are Elizabethan sonnets. Their rhyme scheme is a, b, a, b, c, d, c, d, e, f, e, f, g, g. They build up the subject until the last two lines, where they reach the conclusion that love is eternal. Both are in imabic pentameter. Shakespear uses more word play than Fletcher. In line two, Shakespear says that nothing “shall outlive this powerful rime.'; Rime is the crust that builds up when something is in existence for a large amount of time.

Enterprise 2.0: Do Companies Need It to Survive?

Minor Web 2. 0/3. 0 & Knowledge Sharing Essay 2: Enterprise 2. 0. Do companies need it to survive? Z22-D Project Management Business English Smilena Spasova Lecturer: M. Adams 09-03-2012 Surviving as a company, no matter being small, middle-sized or large, in today’s unstable economy beset by a severe recession, instability and uncertainty resembles fighting for your life in a battle field. Only those who are more prepared, move faster and more efficient and have strategic advantage over their enemies are the ones who get to keep their lives. Enterprise 2. is what is needed for companies to gain and master those skills. It helps them structure and preserve corporate knowledge, cut costs, increase efficiency, enlarge employees and customers’ satisfaction and tap into new sources of innovation and expertise. Combined together, therefore the benefits of using Enterprise 2. 0 are exactly what companies need not only to survive, but also to have a lasting advantage over thei r competitors. Enterprise 2. 0 is a term that was first defined by Andrew McAfee 1 in 2006 as a description of how companies use the existing Web 2. technologies within their internal and external set of techniques to conduct their business. In other words, it is a combination between the integration of Web 2. 0 tools and architecture within enterprises’ structures and processes with a careful consideration of the human element – the culture. Examples for such tools are Blogs, Wikis, Intranet, Discussion Boards, Social Media Platforms, RSS feeds and many more which main goal is to provide users with open space for communication, collaboration, asset sharing, personalization and aggregation. One of the main advantages that Enterprise 2. gives to companies is in relation to Knowledge Management. In 1991 Ikujiro Nonaka 2 said: â€Å"In an economy where the only certainty is uncertainty, the only sure source of lasting competitive advantage is knowledge. †Companies acknowledge that statement today better than they have ever done before. Unfortunately in a lot of cases efforts, money and resources are wasted in the wrong direction when enterprises try to find the right way to capture, leverage and store collective knowledge. One of the reasons for that is that they don’t use the proper tools to achieve that goal.Enterprise 2. 0 however proposes the solution. For example, by simply incorporating Wikis into the company’s daily workflow, all of a sudden employees will have the chance to take part in building a collective memory by expressing and contributing with their tacit knowledge. The difference compared to the â€Å"old-school† Knowledge Management techniques is that by using the new Enterprise 2. 0’s way knowledge can be stored, edited and corrected but it can’t be lost because it has already been made explicit by sharing on the Wiki.So, even if an employee retires or decides to quit the company, informati on doesn’t go with him by having existed only in his head. Another benefit of using Enterprise 2. 0 is that it cuts costs drastically. Whereas In the era of Web 1. 0 Marketing efforts required an enormous amount of money, today most of the Web 2. 0 applications are free and reside in the cloud. Consequently, all the resources should be spent in time and effort to invent the right strategy, rather than to negotiate prices with traditional media representatives.What is more, the emerge of Social Media and platforms like Get Satisfaction3 gives a totally new perspective on the Customer Service practices within companies and the included expenses. Due to Enterprise 2. 0 employees can now have a live chat with customers rather than using the â€Å"old† methods like traditional telephone or e-mail. Bringing faster solution and demonstrating personal attitude and attention is therefore increasing consumer satisfaction and this way contributing to the company’s positive image. Enterprise 2. also helps companies work more efficient. If for example, employees are enabled to use the RSS feeds feature they need to spend only 10 minutes per day for staying up-to-date with all the new and relative topics, instead of receiving 100 distracting emails or having to browse randomly through the intranet â€Å"News† section which demands way too much time. The RSS feeds also enable structured and relevant information which can be customized and corrected on a daily basis. What is more, increased 1 2 3 http://nonwork. andrewmcafee. rg/ http://www. economist. com/node/13517582 http://getsatisfaction. com/explore/customer-support efficiency can be observed when due to easy collaboration, sharing and data transferring by means of a Web 2. 0 platform employees tend to deliver their projects faster. As a result, because of the psychological aspect of Enterprise 2. 0, a. k. a the human element, employees’ satisfaction level can significantly increase. W orking more efficiently makes people feel that they are contributing to the company in a positive way.Taking part in a platform where employees can add, edit and discuss content will make them feel significant and belonging to a community that shares a common goal. A virtual reality where it doesn’t matter what position within the company the user possesses in order to express an opinion or share an idea, can lead to lower Power Distance Authority4. Small steps incorporated via Enterprise 2. 0 strategy can lead to great transformations in employees’ attitude towards their employers.And a company with a high dissatisfaction level of its staff can never survive in the course of time. Last but not least Enterprise 2. 0 is the best solution for discovering and implementing new ways of innovation and expertise. â€Å"A difficult economic environment argues for the need to innovate more, not to pull back. † – says Ken Chenault, CEO of American Express. Having c arefully chosen combination of all the right Web 2. 0 tools to suit the company’s needs is however an innovation itself. Enterprise 2. is a way to transform closed, authority driven working atmospheres into a collaborative environment driven by employees’ intrinsic motivation, needs for belonging and self-actualization. A company that can be characterized by those terms therefore has already established the basic platform for open innovation. For example, a simple, random and not so clear idea shared by an employee on the Internal Social Media platform, can very quickly, easily and naturally transform into a feasible and actually very smart and realistic one.This idea though wouldn’t have come to live if the person didn’t have the motivation or the possibility to share it. That is why companies need to consider Enterprise 2. 0 in their workflows – enabling space for new topics, discussion and collaboration to emerge. Without innovating both interna lly and externally and upgrading expertise in such a transitional and constantly developing environment, businesses are just doomed to go down. In conclusion, Enterprise 2. 0 is no longer just an advantage for companies who implement it into their activities, on the contrary – it’s a necessity for survival.Only the businesses who know how to correctly manage their collective knowledge and preserve it, conduct their processes with greatest efficiency and lowest cost possible, keep their employees satisfied and spend their resources for constant development in their daily workflow as well as products will keep on existing. And in order to achieve those results and therefore survive, companies need to integrate Enterprise 2. 0 into their management and communication techniques both internally – with their employees – and externally – with their customers and business partners. 4 ttp://www. investopedia. com/terms/p/power-distance-index-pdi. asp#axzz1o XVBCP5S Number of words: 1156 References Wiki Service (Spring 2006). Enterprise 2. 0: The Dawn of Emergent Collaboration. Referenced on 8 March 2012, at: http://www. wikiservice. at/upload/ChristopheDucamp/McAfeeEntrepriseDeux. pdf Slide Share (12 March 2010). Enterprise 2. 0: Knowledge Management – People at the Center. Referenced on 8 March 2012, at: http://www. slideshare. net/TSystemsMMS/enterprise-20-knowledgemanagement-people-at-the-center Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (13 June 2011).Video – enterprise 2. 0: where does the value lie? Referenced on 8 March 2012, at: http://www. cimaglobal. com/Events-and-cpdcourses/Events/Enterprise-Web-20-event/Videos-1/ Spigit (unknown). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Enterprise 2. 0 ROI. Referenced at 8 March 2012, at: http://www. spigit. com/spigit-blog/maslow%E2%80%99s-hierarchy-of-enterprise-2-0-roi Investopedia (unknown). Power-Distance Index – PDI. Referenced on 8 March 2012, at: http://www. investoped ia. com/terms/p/power-distance-index-pdi. asp#axzz1oXVBCP5

Analysis of Kurdish Geopolitic essays

Analysis of Kurdish Geopolitic essays Who are the Kurds? Most of us have heard about them but dont know who they are. Are they a race, a religion, a country? As we see from the following example, even Europeans who are much closer to the Kurds still do not have a complete understanding of the Kurds or the middle east in In the West, the left and liberal minded people in general, especially in the Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon countries, have usually supported or at least expressed some sympathy with the struggles against both European colonialism and U.S. policies in Vietnam. But as soon as the problem shifted to Biafra, Southern Sudan, Kurdistan or Eritrea - in short, whenever the national question was raised within a third world country - this section of the public opinion has tended to remain silent and confuesed.1 This lack of knowledge about the Kurds and Middle East in general is a major wall between resolution of the many problems that exist in the Middle East. I would like to give you a better understanding of what it is to be Kurdish by describing to you the past and present condition of Kurdistan, the state or territory that the Kurdish people populate. A brief understanding of the history of the Kurdish people is all that is needed to successfully accretion just why we should be more involved and educated about the current political activities surrounding Kurdistan and the countries that infringe upon it. The Kurdish people have the unfortunate distinction of being the only community of over 15 million in population that has not achieved some form of national statehood.2 This is the problem that needs addressing, people without a country. There Kurds territory, would be country, consists of the mountainous regions of central and northern Zargos, the eastern one-third of the Taurus and Pontus, and the northern half of the Amanus ranges (see F1).4 The Kurdish...

French Food Idioms

French Food Idioms Food is a very important subject in France. We always discuss food, especially when we are eating! The French also commonly use some hilarious food-based idioms which would be quite difficult to guess if you didnt know them.   1 - French Food Idiom: Avoir un Coeur dArtichaut To Have an Artichoke Heart   To be Very Sensitive This means to be very sensitive. To cry easily. Maybe because when cooked, the artichoke heart becomes soft, although the artichoke itself has pricks. So the heart is well hidden under prickly leaves, just like someone hiding his sensitive side. This idiom goes well with another one: à ªtre un dur cuir - to be hard to cook to be a tough guy. Pierre a lair dà ªtre un dur cuir, mais en fait, il a un vrai coeur dartichaut.Pierre looks like a tough guy, but in reality he is really sensitive. 2 - French Food Idiom: Raconter des Salades To Tell Salads   To tell long tales, lies Arrà ªte de dire nimporte quoi : je sais bien que tu racontes des salades !Stop speaking nonsense: I know you are lying! 3 - French Food Idiom: Ramener sa Fraise To Bring Back Your Strawberry   To Impose When Not Wanted La fraise - strawberry is a long time synonym for face. So ramener sa fraise means to show up, to impose yourself when not expected / invited. Regarde ! Voil Jean ! Celui-l, il ramà ¨ne toujours sa fraise au moment du dà ®ner. Comme cest bizarre.Look! Here comes Jean! This guy, he always shows up at dinner time. How Strange... 4 - Avoir La frite / la pche / la banane / la patate To have the French-fry / the peach / the banana / the potato   To Feel Great We have many idioms to say to feel great. These four words are interchangeable and very commonly used in French. Je ne sais pas comment tu fais pour avoir la pà ªche le matin. Moi, je suis toujours creuvà ©e.I dont know how to do to be full of energy in the morning. Myself, Im always exhausted. 5 - En Faire Tout un Fromage To Make a Whole Cheese Out of It.   To Make a Mountain Out of a Molehill Ça suffit ! Je me suis dà ©j excusà ©e : arrà ªte den faire tout un fromage !Enough! I already said I was sorry: stop making a mountain out of a molehill! 6 - Les Carottes sont Cuites = Cest la fin des Haricots The carrots are cooked/its the end of the beans.   There is no More hope. This must be one of the most obscure French idioms. Even so that it is said that les carottes sont cuites was used as a code during the war. In any case, both these idioms may be explained by the fact that the food they refer to carrots and beans are cheap, and are the last resort food. If there is none left, its starvation. Thats why they are linked to lost hope. Cest fini, la France a perdu. Les carottes sont cuites.Its the end, France lost. There is no more hope. 7 - Mle-toi de Tes Oignons ! Mix with Your Own Onions   Mind Your Own Business Apparently, â€Å"les oignons† is a familiar term for â€Å"les fesses† (buttocks) due to their round shape. The expression â€Å"occupe-toi de tes fesses† being a bit vulgar, but very used as well. We also say mà ªle-toi / occupe-toi de tes affaires which is an exact translation of mind your own business. Alors, c’est vrai ce que j’ai entendu ? Tu sors avec Bà ©atrice maintenant ?Is it true what I’ve heard? You’re going out with Beatrice now? Mà ªle-toi de tes oignons !  Mind your own business! ​More About the French onion

buy custom Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management essay

buy custom Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management essay Chapter 1 Introduction This section covers the background to the problem, problem statement, research questions, research objectives and the justification. 1.1 Background to the Problem Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to the concept whereby companies take some responsibility in developing the community around them and the environment of their operations (Bendell, 2005). This obligation can extend to comply with legislation and makes organizations voluntarily take further steps to improve the standard of life for the people in the community and society at large (Stiglitz, 2006). The issue about CSR begun in the 20th century, although it did not gain a lot of momentum at the time. However, there were growing concerns from the large corporations. Some believed that giving back to the community would dilute the company's targets causing a reduction in company sales. Some other companies felt that social responsibility was the governments job, and they should not be involves. However, these people failed to realize that giving back to the community that had given so much to them would boost their position in the market as it would gain competitive advantage over other firms. This move would also attract employees and other investors. CSR helps to upgrade the living conditions of the people living in the society. The company ensures that it maintains a healthy and happy, work force and a conducive environment to operate by elevating poverty, hunger and illiteracy.. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) has also played a key role in increasing the awareness of CSR. The CSRs have helped to alleviate hunger and poverty, making the community aware of the impact the business has on the society.(Utting 2005). Garvey and Newell (2005) argue that CSR embraces the fact that all activities undertaken by a firm have an effect either inside or outside the company. Corporate Social Responsibility encompasses four distinct areas: The Workplace, The Marketplace, The Environment, and The Community. Many corporate continue to argue that their responsibility is to shareholders only. Stiglitz argues that companies are communities or people working together to achieve a mutual goal. The companies should care about each other and the community they operate in their production process. Chatterer (1994) defines community development as the process where people in a society organise themselves for planning and action; define their individual needs and problems; execute their plans while fully relying on the community resources and supplements from the government and non- government organizations. Chitere further notes that, in this connection, companiespracticingCSRs work towards an end that appeals to the community by development agencies or their clientele. It is now an accepted fact that poverty reduction and the sustainable development within the community may not be achieved through government action alone. Since the advent of the role of the market in development and characterised by the rolling back of the state, other players like the non- governmental organizations, the civil society and the private sector, play an increasing role in community development. Of late, policy makers paid additional attention to the potential input of the private sector to these policy objectives. Further, Utting (2005) notes that the private sector ought to play a key role towards achievement of MDGs especially in the developing countries. The foundations support communities in the areas of environmental conservation and provision of essential services such as education, health, water and economic development. CSR is associated with philanthropy, although the concept of CSR is gaining some prominence within policy debates in the UK. There are many private-related initiatives and business activities that might be described as expressions of CSR, and there are also emerging specialist CSR organisations Many CSR initiatives in South Africa operate through projects covering areas such as education, water, health and human capacity development through training. According to Kosura (2000) a project is a set of complex activities where community resources used yield expected returns. In addition, a project ensures that the involved parties commit themselves through the planning, implementation, financing and completion of the project. Kosura notes that a project must have a definite starting point and ending point. The object ive of establishing the progress of a project is to ensure the company achieves all the objectives set. A project will thus have the stages of identification, planning and designing, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Monitoring and evaluation helps determine the progress towards achieving the intended goals and objectives. 1.2 Problem Statement Corporate Social Responsibility has widely been used as a marketing strategy by the corporate world with the aim of increasing a firms profits (Utting, 2005; Bendell et al, 2005; Cappellin and Giulian, 2004). Though some studies conducted in the past suggest that socially responsible firms have better performance in the stock market, as opposed to their competitors, many firms consider social responsibility an ethical moral issue, as opposed to an economic one. (Stiglitz, 2006). Moreover, available literature shows that when split off from commodities and when done with the involvement of the local community, CSR can highly contribute to community development (U N, 1993; Bryame, 2003; Manokha, 2004; Utting, 2005). Newel (2001) further argues that CSR has got the potential to contribute to poverty alleviation and sustainable development, though with some limitations. Alyson (2001) notes the business world playsa strategic role in the development process by engaging in CSRs. More often than not, it is the corporate view of the initiatives made and thus the perception in the society. There are studies done at the macro-level focusing on what companies do to their shareholders, workers and activities touching on the community, but assessment of whether such initiatives require the involvement of the local community, more so their view of the extent of mutuality in such CSR initiatives, is scanty. Hence, the study sets out to establish the communitys view of mutuality in CSR initiatives through a case study of The Shell Foundations Flower valley project in South Africa. 1.3 Research Questions As noted in the study background and problem statement, the gap identified in literature on CSR in community development is the lack of documented community views on such CSR initiatives. The study thus aims to answer the question, what is the communitys view of mutuality in Shell Foundations CSR Flower Valley. The following questions will help answer the main question: 1). what was the contribution of the community at the conceptualisation of the Shell foundation project? 2). what was the contribution of Shell Foundation at the conceptualisation of the Flower Valley project? 3). what was the contribution of the community in resource mobilisation for the Flower Project? 4). what was the contribution of Shell Foundation in resource mobilisation for the CSR Flower Valley Project? 1.4 Research Objectives The main objective of the study is establishing the communitys view of mutuality in Shell's Foundation Flower Valley Project. The 1objectives helping feed on to the main objective includes: 1). to find out the contribution of the community at the conceptualisation of Shells foundation flower valley project. 2). to find out the contribution of Shell Foundation at the conceptualisation of the CSR Flower valley Project. 3). to find out the contribution of the community in resource mobilisation for the CSR Flower Valley Project. 4). to find out the contribution of Shell Foundation in resource mobilisation for Shell Foundation. 1.5 Justification In the past, scholars have expressed fears that the society only understood the corporate worlds view, as the players in CSR. The study will help in addressing such fears amongst scholars in their scholarly works and contributions to policy-making. It will highly contribute to the understanding of local-level development, especially the role of local community in such development. Recommendations of the study will be useful to policy-makers for better planning of companies engagement in CSR initiatives. Knowing the communitys view of their engagement by the companies will help companies adopt appropriate ways of engagements that help both the communities and companies, as well. The study will be useful to Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOS) and Community Based Organisations (CBOs) in designing community engagements in their various activities on the local-level development. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter gives an in-depth review of literature on corporate social responsibility; its origin and development, its prospects for community development, its theoretical underpinnings. It also gives an overview of the concepts community development, mutuality, and the theoretical framework revolving three theories of Alternative Development, Community Participation and Basic Needs Approach. 2.2 Corporate Social Responsibility The debate about CSR begun in the early 20th century, although it was not as common as the time. This was amid growing concerns that the large corporations would gain excess power and hold in the community. The concept of corporate charity and stewardship played a key role in shaping the early thinking and perceptions about CSR in the United States (Bendell, 2005). According to Ida Tarbell in his 1904 publications, the History of the Standard Oil Company inspired the Supreme Courts decision where the US attained the mandate to split the company on the grounds of antitrust. Similarly, Sinclairs ideas in the book, The Jungle, published in 1906 helped to influence the congress decision to pass the Pure Food and Drugs Act, and the meat Inspection Act in the United States. These case studies can be used to demonstrate the early attempts made to mandate corporate social responsibility (Utting, 2005; Newell, 2001). According to Bendell (2005), the initials, CSR itself came in to be applied in the business world in the early 1970s. The term stakeholder, on the other hand, meant those individuals directly affected by an organization's activities. This means it refers to corporate owners who are beyond the shareholders level. The new paradigm of alternative development, which stresses on, developing the capacity of local communities to meet their needs has seen the increased emphasis of CSR in development. The international CSR agenda mainly represented the investors, NGOs, consumers, business associations and businesses. In developing countries, CSR has in the past been criticized for being insensitive to the plight of the local people and the basic needs of people. Newell (2001) and Alyson (2001) are categorical that any CSR initiative directed to a group of people ought to be designed and implemented with the involvement of that group of people. Today, many large companies now print copies of t he corporate social responsibility reports alongside their annual reports. This helps the organizations to plan for future projects as well as follow up on previous projects. In addition, the report usually concentrates on what companies call the non-financial activities which are positive in nature. Such CSR initiatives usually target the development of the local communities. 2.3 Theoretical Underpinnings of CSR There are considerable challenges in the corporate world that limit the growth of the organizations by limiting the potential returns of the firm. Government regulations and restriction also play a key role in influencing trade in a region. The government regulates the business using tariffs and other forms of restricting barriers. Globalization, Environmental regulations, political interference and exploitation are problems organizations face costing them millions of dollars. Ethical implications are in some instances, used as a costly hindrance that drives businesses and investors to shift their view point. CSR can also be used as a marketing strategy for organizations. When an organization takes up community projects in the environs, it attracts workers from the community who would want to be affiliated with an ethical company. In addition, this gives an organization competitive advantage over its competitors in the region. Although initially it might be a costly affair, the end j ustifies the means. This means that a company might advertise itself subconsciously through the CSRs. (Utting 2005). Globalization, therefore, makes competitions steeper as other firms will emerge /acquiring other businesses with competitive and alternative core competencies (Stiglitz, 2006). Stakeholder and governance theory suggests that modern business should no longer be preoccupied exclusively with the interests of shareholders and relations with the state and trade unions, but must respond to the concerns of multiple stakeholders, including NGOs, consumers, environmentalists, and local communities. Business can be pro-active and work with civil society organisations, government and multilateral institutions (Alyson, 2001; Utting, 2005: Stigliz, 2006). 2.4 Concept of Community Development Chitere (1994) defines community development as a movement designed toimprove the living standards off the entire community. He also sees it as a form of social action where the people of a community organise themselves for planning and action; define their individual needs and problems; execute their plans using the community resources. The government and the NGOs also play a role in supplementing the resources required for projects. The two definitions above appreciate the role of the community coming together, mobilising resources available from within and without, and working together for the fulfilment of a common objective. Chitere (1994) observes that community development perceives projects as a process, a method, a programme, and a movement, with its conception also portraying it as a means and an end. As a method, community development is a means for accomplishing some end. Itere further states that corporations participating in CSRs gain the appreciation and admiration of development agencies and their clientele. 2.5 CSR and Community Development Bryame (2003) argues that there are three schools of thought in the practice of Corporate Social Responsibility in the development. These are neo-liberal, which is self-regulation, by industry according to risks and rewards of CSR; state-led, national and international regulation and co-operation; and the "third way" which is the role of profit and non-profit organisations in community development. However, the author argues that the three theories may be criticized using theories applicable to a broader field of development, hence the importance of contextualizing the concepts under discussion. According to Newell (2001) the relationship between companies and local communities helps to build trust. This in the long run boosts the company image in the community. 2.6 The Concept of Participation According to Chambers (1997) and Paul (1987), participation is an active process by which local people take part in the planning, acting, monitoring and evaluating activities touching on their day-to-day lives. However, Bamberger (1986) argues that a complete definition of community participation must take into consideration the agents or organisational groups used; the medium or methods used to participate; the stages of the project; the programs level or scope; the participants and the intensity of participation. Paul (1987) proposes five objectives to which community participation might contribute, namely: Sharing project costs- Participants contribute money or labour during the project process. Increasing project efficiency- Involves the beneficiary consultation and involvement in project planning, management, implementation and operation. Increasing project effectiveness- The greater beneficiary involvement to help ensure project achieves its objectives and that benefits go to intended groups. Building beneficiary capacity- This will be by ensuring participants participate in project planning and implementation, and through formal and informal training and consciousness raising activities. Increasing empowerment- By increasing the control of the available resources in the underprivileged sectors of society and ensuring that the decisions made benefit the society in which they live. CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter gives an analysis of the research methodology to be adopted by the study, and it includes the site selection, the sampling, data and its sources, data collection criteria and techniques of data analysis and presentation of the study findings. 3.1 Site Selection Flower Valley district is a district located in South Africa, in Africa. Though regarded as well-off region in resource endowment, access to quality education still remains a crucial problem amongst the local community. This paper will focus on the Flower Valley, a Shell foundation Project. 3.2 Sampling The study will assume the approach of a case study and mainly with a deductive thinking with the units of analysis being the local households who are beneficiaries of the water project. The chairman of Shell Foundation and Flower Valley project director will be the key informants in the study. All households within the Flower Valley Location benefit from the education project. The sample will involve 60 households. The method used to select households will be the Simple random sampling.. 3.3 The data and its sources The study will use secondary sources of data. Secondary sources will involve review of the Shell Foundation annual reports and the companys publications on CSR. 3.4 Data Collection The researcher prefers using both structured and semi-structured questionnaires as well as interviews to collect data on the communitys contributions during project conceptualization, resource mobilization and in the on-going operations. A structured questionnaire mailed to the director of Shell foundation will effectively collect information on the company contributions during Shell Foundations conceptualisation, resource mobilisation and in the on-going operations. Shell Foundation seldom allows face-to-face interviews with their employees, hence the decision to mail the questionnaires.. This will, however, be a challenge to study as there will be no chance to enquire further on the responses given. An interview with the chairman of Shell Foundation to get an in-depth analysis of the on-going operations of the water project- the roles of the community, Shell Foundation and any other party involved. 3.5 Data Analysis and presentation Data analysis wills both quantitative and qualitative techniques will be used for data analysis. Questionnaire information will be coded and entered in SPSS for analysis to generate percentage figures on the extent of mutuality at the three stages of the project and overall, as operational zed by the study- Not There, Less, Much and Very Much. Figures on Percentage contributions of the Shell Foundation, the Community and others, will also be generated. Data from interview schedules and secondary sources will be analysed qualitatively through description. Review of the project annual report will help review the success of the project, thus helping tell with some certainty the likelihood of the project being sustainable. The findings of the study will be presented using figures and tables showing the extent of mutuality in project conceptualization, resource mobilization and on-going operations. This summarized data uses frequency tables in the SPSS and results explained using inferenc es as peoples opinion. On the other hand, descriptive continuous prose is the best present secondary sources information. Buy custom Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management essay